Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives
The Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives (JIP) is a scholarly publication that embraces both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches. It operates as a peer-reviewed, open-access journal available in both printed and online formats. Manuscripts meeting the general criteria of significance and scientific relevance are welcome for submission to the Journal.
Harnessing Collaborative Vodcasting in Literature Instruction: The Case of Pre-Service English Teachers in a Philippine University
The integration of digital technologies in education has reshaped teaching practices. However, the use of vodcasting—an instructional strategy combining video and audio podcasts—remains underexplored in literature classes, particularly in pre-service teacher education. This study addresses this research gap by investigating collaborative vodcasting as an instructional strategy in a literature course for pre-service English teachers at a Philippine university. The objective is to determine how future teachers perceive the advantages, challenges, and pedagogical value of this approach in fostering literary understanding and essential teaching competencies. Thirty reflective essays written by third-year Bachelor of Secondary Education students were subjected to Content Analysis (CA) to identify emergent themes. The findings suggest that collaborative vodcasting facilitated deeper engagement with literary genres, enhanced communication and collaboration skills, and fostered creativity and critical thinking. However, challenges were also identified, including technological difficulties, time management issues, and coordination concerns in group work. The study concludes that vodcasting constitutes a promising pedagogical tool in literature education, particularly for pre-service teacher training. Its academic and practical contributions lie in demonstrating how multimodal tasks can simultaneously strengthen literary competence and twenty-first-century skills. To maximize its effectiveness, institutional support—including technical resources, training, and structured reflective activities — is recommended. This study contributes to the growing body of scholarship on digital innovations in English language and literature instruction.
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Ecotourism Engagement and Community Wellness: The Moderating Role of Cultural Factors in SVD Laudato Si’ Farm, Tagaytay
Despite the growing popularity of eco-tourism, limited research examines how it contributes to community well-being when cultural factors are considered. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between eco-tourism engagement and community well-being, and to determine whether cultural factors influence this relationship. A quantitative correlational design was employed, involving 317 tourist respondents at SVD Laudato Si’ Farm in Tagaytay, selected through simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, regression, and moderation analysis. The findings revealed high levels of eco-tourism awareness and participation, along with strong perceptions of physical and mental well-being among the respondents. Results further indicated a significant positive correlation between eco-tourism engagement and community wellness. Moderation analysis revealed that traditions slightly weakened this relationship, while beliefs and community values showed no significant moderating effects. The study concludes that eco-tourism enhances community wellness when it aligns with local cultural contexts. These findings underscore the importance of culturally grounded and inclusive eco-tourism initiatives to foster both community health and heritage preservation.
Medical Tourism in the Philippines: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities from a Decade of Literature Review
Medical tourism refers to patients traveling abroad to access affordable and high-quality healthcare. This industry has grown quickly in Asia, with the Philippines emerging as a potential hub due to its skilled workforce, competitive prices, and cultural connections to foreign markets. However, compared to regional leaders such as Thailand, India, and Malaysia, the Philippine medical tourism sector remains underdeveloped. There is a noticeable gap in research, as previous studies have not provided a thorough overview of the trends, challenges, and opportunities in the country’s medical tourism sector. To address this, a systematic narrative review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. It covered literature published from January 2015 to September 2025 across databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and HERDIN, as well as government and industry reports. Out of 1,352 screened records, 59 studies met the inclusion criteria. These included 32 empirical papers, 15 policy analyses, and 12 reviews. The findings showed a growing demand for affordable care, an increase in services aimed at the diaspora, and the rise of telemedicine for ongoing treatment before and after care. Ongoing challenges included fragmented governance, a lack of international accreditation, workforce migration, and pandemic-related disruptions. However, there are opportunities in niche markets like dental care, cosmetic surgery, wellness, and retirement healthcare. Overall, while the Philippines has significant potential to become a strong player in medical tourism, its progress depends on improving accreditation, governance, retaining healthcare workers, and investing in digital health. Strategic coordination and policy integration are essential to achieving sustainable, fair growth in this developing sector.
Customer Insights on the Quality Service Delivery of Water in Malolos, Bulacan
Water services significantly impact people’s daily lives in various ways, encompassing health, sanitation, and home comfort. In Malolos, Bulacan, projects like the bulk water interconnection have made the supply more stable and reached more communities. Even so, many households still face weak pressure, unclear policies, and service interruptions. This study examined how residents perceive their water service and how these perceptions influence their overall satisfaction. A survey was carried out among 379 customers of a private water service provider in Malolos. The questions focused on water quality, availability, pressure, sanitation, complaint handling, reliability, and the processes for reconnection, disconnection, and policy implementation. The data was then analyzed to see how these areas relate to customer satisfaction. Most respondents were satisfied with water quality and availability, and many noticed improvements brought by new projects. However, low and uneven pressure was a recurring issue. On the service side, people rated complaint handling, reconnection, and communication as only fair. Delays, sudden disconnections, and unclear billing rules were familiar sources of frustration. These issues show that while access has improved, service management still needs attention. The study suggests that solving technical problems alone is not enough. Customer trust depends just as much on how services are managed and delivered. To improve, providers should focus on maintaining pressure stability, streamlining office processes, and providing timely and transparent information to customers. Listening to feedback, training staff to be more responsive, and introducing measures like a “Customer Bill of Rights” can also help. Balancing technical upgrades with improved customer service will lead to more reliable water delivery and greater confidence in the utility.
Reevaluation of Design Flood Discharge under Climate Change: Future Peak Flow Projection in the Johor River Watershed, Malaysia
This study aims to develop the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships for the historical (1979-2003) and future (2075-2099) scenarios, and to evaluate changes in estimated design flood values and return periods in the Johor River Basin, Malaysia. The hydrological frequency analysis, using historical and future rainfall scenarios, was then conducted to estimate changes in design flood values (peak flows). The Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN was used for runoff simulations. The changes in the return periods of the estimated flood values were assessed using the cumulative distribution function mapping method. As an example of the results under the future scenario, a design flood value with a 5-day rainfall duration will become 992.1 m3/s (i.e., an increase of 58.1% compared to the historical scenario) based on the future IDF relationship. The return period for this value is 282.8 years based on the historical IDF relationship. This means that the current planning scale, e.g., the 100-year return period commonly used in Malaysia, might not be adequate and should be extended to prevent and/or mitigate the damage from devastating floods under climate change.
Technology Adoptions Among Smallholder Rice Farmers: Comparative Attitudes Toward Mechanization and GMO in Surigao del Norte, Caraga Region
This paper examines comparative attitudes toward farm mechanization and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Barangay Pongtud, Alegria, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. A Likert-scale questionnaire was administered from March to May 2024 to 53 rice and corn farmers of the Tongao association of Pongtud via a descriptive survey. The results show a divergence between acceptance of technology: farmers are optimistic about mechanization, rating performance and productivity benefits of machinery as high (>4.0/5.0), but are skeptical about GMOs, with ratings of confidence in safety and likelihood to adopt Genetically Modified Organisms as being low (<2.0/5.0). Aging farmers with economic constraints base adoption decisions on perceived safety, proven benefits, and experience rather than innovation alone. These findings highlight the challenges of agricultural development strategies, underscoring the need for a clear distinction between technologies that address specific farmer concerns and those that provide adequate solutions. Mechanization requires both technical training and maintenance services, whereas evidence-based safety training and open communication are essential to ensure the acceptance of GMOs. These findings inform policy formulation in agriculture by balancing advances in technology and the demands and needs of the farmers, as well as conventions in the rural Philippine setting.
A Systematic Review of CPA Licensure Exam Performance and Its Determinants in the Philippine Context
This systematic review discusses the passing rates of Filipino BS Accountancy graduates in the Certified Public Accountant Licensure Examination (CPALE) by identifying and summarizing key factors that influence exam performance. Despite many changes in accounting education, there has been limited research on how personal, academic, institutional, and systemic factors interact to affect licensure outcomes in the Philippines. The review draws on empirical studies published between 2010 and 2025, synthesizing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods findings relevant to the local context. The results highlight three main factors that determine CPALE performance. Academically, a higher cumulative GPA and good study habits, like effective time management and practice testing, consistently predict success. Institutionally, support methods such as peer tutoring, mock exams, and performance tracking enhance readiness; however, differences in resources and teaching quality result in unequal outcomes across universities. Systematically, the mismatch between curricula and licensure requirements, stagnant national pass rates, and limited policy changes continue to hinder progress. Qualitative evidence also highlights underexplored obstacles, including curriculum overload, mental fatigue, and inadequate institutional support. These findings stress the need for a coordinated strategy. This strategy should align accounting curricula with CPALE competencies, strengthen faculty and institutional support, and promote data-driven educational policies. Future research should examine how mental health, socioeconomic status, and co-curricular involvement shape licensure outcomes. Overall, this review provides a framework for improving CPALE performance and enhancing accounting education in the Philippines.
Student Perceptions of Generative AI in Personalized Distance Learning: The Moderating Effects of Usage Frequency and Faculty Encouragement
As generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools such as ChatGPT, Grammarly, and Quillbot become increasingly embedded in digital education, understanding how students perceive their role in personalized distance learning, across both asynchronous and synchronous modes, remains crucial. Anchored in Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), which promotes inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all, this study investigates how GAI utilization relates to students’ perceptions of usefulness, motivational impact, and ethical implications. It also examines whether usage frequency and faculty encouragement moderate these relationships. Using a descriptive-correlational design with moderation analysis, data were collected from 327 undergraduate students at Tagoloan Community College through a validated questionnaire (CVI = 0.94). Overall, findings revealed that students perceived GAI as highly beneficial for learning and self-motivation, reflecting growing confidence in using AI responsibly. Results from General Linear Modeling indicated that GAI utilization was a significant predictor of students’ perceptions (F = 169.32, p < .001, η²ₚ = .345), suggesting that direct engagement with AI tools strongly shapes educational value and learning experiences. However, neither usage frequency (F = 0.99, p = .396) nor faculty encouragement (F = 0.75, p = .475) significantly moderated this relationship. Interestingly, despite limited faculty support (11.3%) and the predominant use of ChatGPT (96.9%), students demonstrated ethical awareness through responses that emphasized citation practices, verification of AI-generated outputs, and the avoidance of plagiarism, indicating reflective and responsible learning behaviors. These findings highlight the primacy of student agency over institutional influence in fostering meaningful AI engagement. The study recommends that educators and institutions implement structured, ethical, and student-centered integration of AI tools into curricula through digital literacy workshops, academic integrity guidelines, and scaffolded AI-supported learning tasks to enhance autonomy, critical engagement, and responsible technology use, aligned with the objectives of SDG 4.
Barriers and Facilitators of Compliance to HIV Counseling and Testing Among Healthcare Workers and Pregnant Women: A Mixed-Methods Study
HIV counseling and testing (HCT) is a cornerstone of prenatal care for preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). However, compliance and adherence remain inconsistent in the Philippines despite national policies mandating provider-initiated counseling and testing (PICT). This study assessed the compliance and adherence of healthcare workers (HCWs) and pregnant women to HCT in a Department of Health (DOH)-retained hospital, evaluated their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP), and identified influencing factors to inform strategies that strengthen PMTCT services. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was employed at Tondo Medical Center. Quantitative data were collected from 37 HCWs via total enumeration and from 385 pregnant women via simple random sampling. In comparison, qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) with 3 HCWs and 12 pregnant women until thematic saturation was reached. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and eta correlation tests, and thematic analysis guided by grounded theory. Results showed that 81.1% of HCWs performed HCT during prenatal care, but only 59.5% did so postnatally. Among pregnant women, 64.2% underwent prenatal screening, 18.7% postnatal screening, and 12.5% had no screening. HCWs exhibited high knowledge (M = 4.18), positive attitudes (M = 4.21), and good practices (M = 4.09), while pregnant women showed moderate knowledge (M = 3.42) but positive attitudes (M = 4.02). Significant associations were found between HCWs’ knowledge and practices (η = 0.41, p = .041) and between women’s education (p = .032), income (p = .018), and HCT adherence. Qualitative findings revealed barriers such as stigma, fear, and workload, as well as facilitators such as empathy, rapport, and education. Strengthening PICT integration, enhancing HCW training, reducing stigma, and institutionalizing structured postnatal follow-up are recommended to improve adherence and maternal and child health outcomes.
Law Enforcement and Mental Health: Police Practices in Managing Mentally Challenged Offenders
This study investigates a critical procedural gap in police interactions with mentally challenged offenders, an area often marked by inconsistent practices, inadequate training, and uncertainty between care and control functions. The research aimed to identify empirically grounded best practices that guide police officers when dealing with mentally challenged individuals in the community. Employing a qualitative narrative-inquiry design, the study involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews with purposively selected officers from the Baguio City Police Office. Data were transcribed, memoed, and analyzed through descriptive thematic analysis until thematic saturation was achieved. The findings revealed four interrelated domains of effective practice: adopting a cautious yet compassionate approach that emphasizes de-escalation; exercising leniency and diversion in non-violent incidents; fostering collaboration with mental health professionals and social welfare agencies; and engaging community-based support networks to ensure sustained care. Collectively, these practices embody a relational-policing model that integrates public safety with empathy and human rights. The study concludes that formalizing these practices through specialized training, interagency protocols, and community diversion programs can strengthen institutional responses to mental health-related incidents. Such measures would not only minimize unnecessary criminalization but also advance a more humane, evidence-informed policing framework aligned with mental health and human rights policies.
Adapting to the Evolving New Normal: View from a Case of Philippine In-Service Teachers Post-Pandemic
Post-pandemic, teachers in the public and private institutions alike grappled with both unprecedented and expected changes in the education system. In the context of an evolving new normal, this study aimed to capture and examine the level of adaptability of selected senior high school (SHS) English teachers to this phenomenon, with a focus on their pedagogical practices and professional development. This study involved 41 SHS English teachers in the province of Pampanga, Philippines. Using an adapted instrument, participants completed a survey designed to gauge their adaptability across various dimensions of pedagogy and professional development. A descriptive-quantitative research method was employed, and statistical tools, including frequency tally and percentage, mean, Pearson’s r, chi-square, and t-test, were used to analyze the collected data. Findings revealed that the respondents have very high levels of adaptability in the domains of teaching strategies, crisis responses, and professional development engagement. These insights provided a substantive foundation for formulating a professional development program tailored to the contexts of SHS English teachers. The study underscores the importance of adaptability in navigating pedagogical challenges and highlights the role of data-driven strategies in supporting teacher growth and educational advancement.
Gender Identity and Metadiscourse Marker Usage: An Analysis of Grade 11 Learners’ Argumentative Essays
Effective written communication, especially in argumentative writing, is vital for academic and professional success. This study examines the unique patterns of metadiscourse usage among male, female, gay, and lesbian individuals in the Philippines, thereby broadening the existing literature on gender-related writing practices. The research emphasizes the significance of representation in academic writing, recognizing the diversity of identities and experiences. It suggests that including gay and lesbian learners in studies can enhance understanding of their language practices and promote representation. This study analyzed interactional metadiscourse markers in argumentative essays from 120 Filipino Senior High School learners who self-identified their gender identity. The cohort consisted of 30 learners identifying as male, 30 as female, 30 as gay, and 30 as lesbian. The primary data source consisted of five argumentative essays from each student, which were analyzed for interactional metadiscourse markers using manual methods and AntConc 4.20, yielding an intercoder agreement rate of 85%. Ethical considerations were paramount; all participants provided informed consent, and their anonymity was protected throughout the analysis, particularly given the sensitive nature of self-disclosed gender identity. The study highlighted significant gender differences in marker usage, with "self-mention" being the most common. Male learners exhibited a complex interplay between indirectness and assertiveness using hedges and boosters. Female learners employed hedges for caution and boosters for confidence. Lesbian and gay learners balanced caution and assertiveness, reflecting strategic communication. The study advocates for teaching metadiscourse in primary education and addressing limitations, such as a small sample size and a lack of participant demographics, in future research to improve generalizability. This approach can help students broaden their knowledge and develop diverse communication tactics, fostering self-reflection on the function of metadiscourse and its link to gender and culture in general.
Influential Factors Affecting Candidate Choice Among First-Time College Voters
First-time voters represent a significant yet often overlooked segment of the Philippine electorate, whose active involvement significantly contributes to the country’s democratic process. Despite their growing numbers, limited research has examined the factors that influence the decision-making of these young citizens in choosing which candidates to support. This study aims to identify and analyze the key factors that affect the candidate preferences and decision-making of first-time voters within the Philippine context. Using a descriptive research design, data were gathered from first-time voters at the University of La Salette College, Incorporated, to examine how demographic and social variables influence voting behavior. The research findings reveal that the most significant factors influencing voter perception are personal characteristics, such as a candidate’s underlying values and principles, and educational attainment, which shape the view of their capability and competence to address complex issues. Furthermore, age is a key influencer, with younger voters favoring candidates closer to their generation for relatability and responsiveness to youth concerns. Political affiliation also proves influential based on the party’s core values, and a candidate’s economic background affects perception of their ability to tackle poverty and inequality. Conversely, gender was found not to be a decisive factor in voter preference. Overall, the findings underscore that first-time voters consider both personal and contextual factors when selecting candidates. The study highlights the importance of enhancing political awareness and voter education among young Filipinos to foster critical and informed participation in democratic processes and promote a more engaged and discerning electorate.
Resiliency, Optimism, and Personal Well-Being of Mothers of School Children During COVID-19 Pandemic: Basis for a Proposed Family Counseling Program
The study’s primary objective is to investigate the levels of resiliency, optimism, and personal well-being among mothers of schoolchildren during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing the basis for a proposed family counseling program. Two hundred (200) mothers participated in the study whose children were officially enrolled during the School Year 2022-2023 in selected schools in the Marawi Division, Marawi City, Lanao del Sur. The study employed a modified structured questionnaire, which underwent proper validation, including content and construct validation through Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, with a CMIN/DF of 2.373, CFI of 0.724, SRMR of 0.072, and RMSEA of 0.065, yielding an overall interrater reliability of 95% using the Kappa statistic. The data were analyzed using statistical tools, including percentage, mode, and Pearson's chi-square test at a 0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings, the study revealed that the respondents exhibited a high level of resilience across various components, such as adaptability, purposeful direction, emotion regulation, challenge orientation, ingenuity, and support seeking. First, the respondents displayed a high level of optimism within themselves and in all situations, showing a better state of mental and social well-being amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, the age of the respondents was significantly related to their resiliency regarding adaptability and purposeful direction, with a correlation coefficient of 26.939 and a p-value of 0.008. Third, their age and the number of children they had showed significant relationships with their resiliency concerning emotion regulation and challenge orientation, with correlation coefficients of 0.2212 and 0.19708 and p-values of 0.036 and 0.020, respectively. Fourth, their civil status and resiliency, in terms of ingenuity and support seeking, were also significantly related to each other, as indicated by a correlation coefficient of 0.17533 and a p-value of 0.007. Fifth, the respondents' age was significantly associated with their self-optimism, with a correlation coefficient of 24.926 and a p-value of .015. Lastly, their educational attainment had a significant relationship with their optimism regarding situations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.44714 and a p-value of 0.000. However, their demographic profile was revealed to have no significant relationship with their personal well-being in terms of mental and social aspects.
Acceptability and Readiness of Fast-Food Personnel Toward Artificial Intelligence Financial Tools for Internal Control
Despite the growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in financial operations, there is a limited understanding of how fast-food employees perceive and adapt to such technologies. This study aimed to assess the level of acceptability of artificial intelligence (AI) financial tools for internal control and their impact on the readiness of fast-food personnel, as well as the differences and relationships between acceptability and readiness. Using a quantitative-correlational research design, the study examined fast-food personnel through the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Technology Readiness Index (TRI). Results revealed that both the willingness to adopt and readiness of the fast-food personnel were high, indicating a positive perception of AI financial tools. Moreover, no significant differences in acceptability were found when participants were grouped by age and job position; however, a considerable difference emerged when participants were grouped by sex in terms of ease of use, suggesting that males and females perceive AI financial tools differently. Regarding readiness, significant differences were observed in optimism and innovativeness when grouped according to sex, indicating that sex influences an individual’s level of preparedness. Lastly, a powerful and significant positive relationship was found between the respondents’ level of acceptability and readiness, implying that readiness and acceptability influence each other, suggesting that openness to AI tools and the capacity to engage with them are mutually reinforcing. These findings offer practical insights for organizational training programs and digital transformation strategies in the fast-food sector. The study recommends that owners and management provide proper formal training for personnel and identify key areas for improvement. Future research should also explore other factors that may affect acceptability and readiness.
Instructional Supervision and Curriculum Integration as Drivers of Educational Quality: A Cross-Cultural Study
Persistent global inequalities in educational quality, teacher training, and school environment and resources remain as obstacles to student success and socioeconomic development. These issues are more severe in regions where instructional supervision and curriculum integration remain inconsistent. Existing studies have primarily examined instructional supervision and curriculum integration in isolation. However, there is a distinct gap in research exploring the combined impact of these factors on educational quality, especially in cross-cultural contexts. This study addresses that gap by analyzing how instructional supervision and curriculum alignment—viewed through the lens of Human Capital Theory—jointly impact educational quality and performance across various contexts. The objective is to investigate the synergistic effects of supervision and curriculum integration, with teacher training and school resources, on delivering high-quality learning experiences and supporting national development. Using a qualitative comparative method and data from Google Scholar (2020–2025), findings are arranged thematically: improving educational quality, higher education quality, teacher quality and training, and school environment and resources. Results show that collaborative oversight and curriculum alignment, backed by strong teacher development and sufficient resources, improve teaching quality, student engagement, and long-term success. Aligning higher education programs with job market needs also remains essential. The study concludes that a context-sensitive, theory-driven approach to oversight and curriculum helps bridge educational disparities and ensures the relevance of the workforce. Investments in adequate supervision, curriculum design, and teacher support yield lasting benefits for students and advance national progress, highlighting the pivotal role of education in developing human capital.
Teacher Experiences, Challenges, and Support Needs in the Implementation of the Philippine MATATAG Curriculum: An Integrative Literature Review
The Department of Education (DepEd) introduced the MATATAG K to 10 Curriculum to decongest the previous program and enhance foundational skills, digital literacy, and holistic development. Recognizing that its success hinges on the success of basic education teachers, this integrative literature review mapped the initial deployment to identify its scope, teacher-reported challenges, and documented adaptation strategies. Searches were conducted across major academic databases, charting data from 25 sources published between 2020 and 2025, primarily comprising qualitative research on teacher perceptions in the Philippines. Findings consistently identified three significant implementation challenges: insufficient professional development, resource and material constraints, and an increased workload leading to burnout. Teachers primarily addressed these issues through peer collaboration, self-directed learning, and curriculum localization. In conclusion, the literature reveals a significant disconnect between the MATATAG Curriculum’s aspirational policy goals and the systemic support available to educators. This study emphasizes the urgent need for future policy to prioritize comprehensive, sustained, and practical training, alongside adequate resource allocation, to effectively address the implementation gap and the psychological strain experienced by teachers.
Mother Tongue Interference in English Pronunciation Among Grade 10 Special Program in the Arts Students: A Phonetic Analysis
Pronunciation is crucial for effective communication, as it helps deliver a message clearly. It involves learning phonetics to produce sounds appropriate for a specific word. Guided by the Contrastive Analysis theory of Robert Lado and the Interlanguage Theory of Larry Selinker, this study aimed to identify the level of proficiency in Bisaya and English pronunciation, as well as the interference from the mother tongue on English pronunciation. A quantitative, causal-comparative design was employed among 50 SPA students. Pronunciation tests adapted from Wilhelmi (2024) in English and validated Bisaya pronunciation with topographical terms were administered to the students and evaluated by language teachers to check their correctness. The results indicated that students were advanced in pronouncing Bisaya, while beginners were advanced in pronouncing English words. The students have difficulty pronouncing English words, which is attributed to interference from their mother tongue. The familiar sounds from Bisaya phonetics that interfered with pronouncing English words were vowel monophthongs /ɑ:/, /ɪ/, /u:/, /ʊ/, /e/, consonant /b/, and diphthong /aɪ/. In contrast, the English sounds that the students mistakenly uttered included vowel sounds /ə/, /e/, /ʌ/, /i:/, and/æ/, as well as consonants/v /v/v/v/, /f/, and /z/. Lastly, there is a significant difference between the mother tongue and English pronunciation scores.
Assessing Multidimensional Financial Literacy Among K–10 Teachers: Knowledge, Behaviors, and Long-term Planning Attitudes
Teachers can play a critical role in shaping learners’ financial literacy; however, there appears to be a limited research base on the financial literacy of K–10 teachers in the Philippines. This study assessed the financial literacy of K–10 teachers at the University of Baguio in three dimensions: financial knowledge, financial behaviors, and attitudes toward long-term financial planning. Using an explanatory mixed-methods design, quantitative data were gathered from 40 teachers through a stratified random sampling survey, complemented by qualitative insights from in-depth interviews with six purposively chosen participants. Informed consent and voluntary participation were ensured. Findings revealed a high mean score of 85% in financial knowledge, with strong performance in numeracy, simple interest, inflation, the time value of money, and risk–return trade-offs. However, gaps in compound interest and risk diversification indicate vulnerabilities in sustaining long-term financial security. Teachers attributed their financial knowledge largely to self-directed learning, life experiences, and family influences rather than formal education, reflecting the insufficient integration of financial literacy in the academic system. Financial behaviors were moderately positive, excelling in budgeting and making ends meet, yet revealing reliance on formal loans and limited active saving and goal setting due to fixed incomes and unexpected expenses. Attitudes toward long-term financial planning were also moderately positive, striking a balance between immediate needs and future goals, but often reactive amid income constraints and cultural pressures. Addressing these gaps requires systemic interventions, including the integration of advanced financial literacy modules into teacher education curricula and the institutionalization of school-based wellness programs in partnership with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, local banks, and accredited cooperatives. These coordinated actions represent an investment in human capital–enhancing teachers’ financial resilience and empowering them to nurture financially literate and resilient generations.
Ensuring Quality Instruction Amidst the Performance of Support and Core Functions of Faculty: Input for Establishing Workload Policy
This sequential explanatory research design study aimed to determine the quality of instruction being facilitated by faculty with contract of service employment status. At the same time, they performed their support and core functions. The inputs served as a basis for establishing recommendations for a workload policy. The study involved 180 respondents and five participants affiliated with the state university, specifically in Region III. The researcher-designed questionnaires were used in this study to assess teaching performance, time management and workload balance, institutional support, job satisfaction and performance perception, administrative efficiency, and task management. Participants were asked about the factors that hinder them in delivering quality teaching and administrative performances. The results showed that COS faculty effectively deliver lessons and adapt teaching strategies to meet students’ needs. However, the additional and excessive workloads hinder their ability to provide timely feedback, maintain work-life balance, and innovate course materials. They can manage their tasks efficiently through delegation, but sometimes the teaching responsibilities are compromised due to limited institutional resources. Nevertheless, their contributions remain sustainable and impactful, ensuring they remain committed to delivering quality education and services. The findings revealed that multitasking impacts faculty teaching effectiveness due to limited resources, time constraints, compensation disparities, role conflicts, and administrative burdens. To address these issues, the faculty typically resorts to collaborative peer mentoring, stress management, time management, and mindfulness practices to stay focused. The study recommends regular training programs, provision of adequate resources, flexible scheduling, collaboration, performance-based incentives, and reduction of administrative tasks for faculty engaged in innovation, extension, research, and accreditation.
Optimizing ROI: A Cross-Sector Analysis of Social Media Advertising Performance
This paper addresses the underexplored gap in cross-sectoral comparisons of social media advertising effectiveness across the fashion, consumer electronics, and food and beverage industries. Using secondary data collected from 2020 to 2024, encompassing major platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube, the study conducted descriptive statistics and content analysis to examine engagement metrics, conversion rates, and consumer attitudes. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) provided the theoretical underpinning, differentiating between central and peripheral routes of persuasion. Results showed that the fashion industry achieved the highest engagement and conversion rates, primarily through visual storytelling and influencer collaborations, with TikTok engagement exceeding 2%. The electronics industry benefited most from detailed information and reviews on platforms like YouTube. In contrast, the food and beverage industry experienced increased trial purchases through shareable content on TikTok, with share rates 12% higher than on other platforms. On average, higher ad expenditures were a leading indicator of sales growth by sector. However, concerns over privacy, ad fatigue, and ethical issues persist. The study highlights the importance of developing tailored industry strategies to adapt to the evolving digital landscape. Further research, utilizing both longitudinal and primary data, is necessary to investigate the long-term effects of social media advertising and the impact of emerging technologies.
Mediating Effect of Perceived Organizational Support Between Job Satisfaction and Job Stress Among Operation Supervisors in Private Organizations
This study examined the impact of perceived organizational support and job stress on job satisfaction among operational supervisors and whether perceived organizational support mediates the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. It utilized a quantitative research design, specifically mediation analysis, to address its objectives. The study was conducted in Calamba City and employed a stratified sampling method to gather data from 172 operation supervisors in private organizations in Calamba City. The study used three adopted survey questionnaires: the Perceived Organizational Support Scale, the Global Job Scale, and the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ). In addition, using regression analysis, it was found that job stress predicted perceived organizational support with a computed R-squared of 0.130; perceived organizational support predicted job satisfaction with an R-squared of 0.099; and job stress predicted job satisfaction, given a computed R-squared of 0.074. Moreover, to determine whether perceived organizational support acted as a mediator between job stress and job satisfaction, the Sobel test was employed. Sobel’s test revealed that perceived organizational support partially mediated the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction, with test statistics of 1.59 and a probability value of 0.039. In conclusion, perceived organizational support continues to affect job satisfaction, regardless of the presence of job stress. Given these results, Program C.A.R.E. was proposed to enhance the perceived organizational support, job stress, and job satisfaction of operational supervisors.
The Impact of Workplace Environment on Employee Productivity and Employee Health in the Local Government Unit of Santa Rita, Pampanga
This study examined the impact of physical and psychosocial workplace environments on employee productivity and health in Santa Rita, Pampanga. Using a descriptive and correlational research design, the study found that most male respondents were aged 31-40, while most female respondents were aged 21-30; both groups had similar educational and employment characteristics. The study's results showed that the physical workplace environment was positively rated (x̄ = 3.38), with flexible furniture arrangements noted as a key strength. Similarly, the psychosocial workplace environment was reported as conducive to employee needs (x̄ = 3.25), particularly regarding good working conditions. Employee productivity levels were high (x̄ = 3.40), and respondents reported consistently meeting their work targets. Employee health was also positively rated (x̄ = 2.56), though back pain was a common concern. Moreover, a significant relationship (r = 0.209, p = 0.014) was found between the physical workplace environment and employee productivity. However, no significant relationship was found between physical workplace environment and employee health (r = 0.029, p = 0.736). Additionally, no significant relationship was found between the psychosocial workplace environment and employee productivity (r = 0.015, p = 0.858); similarly, no significant relationship was found between the psychosocial workplace environment and employee health (r = 0.165, p = 0.058). Lastly, no significant relationship was found between employee health and employee productivity (r = 0.129, p = 0.132). This study highlights the significance of a positive work environment in promoting employee productivity. While other factors may directly impact health, the findings offer valuable insights into workplace conditions in local government units. These results support future initiatives to enhance employee well-being and productivity.
Implication of Code-Switching in English Language Classroom
Code-switching has become pronounced in a learning environment where students are encouraged to use different languages in various classroom activities. To understand this, the study investigated the implications of code-switching, specifically in English language classrooms. A descriptive, causal-comparative design was employed through a stratified random sampling procedure, involving sixty (60) respondents from English language classrooms. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the collected data. Results revealed that the respondents had demonstrated a moderate increase in overall attitudes towards code-switching, indicating a high level of implication. No significant differences were found in the perceived functions of code-switching among students when data were grouped by gender, age, and year level. However, a significant difference was identified when the data were grouped by course. This aligns with Myers-Scotton’s Language Contact theory, which elucidates the structural patterns and systematic grammatical relationships associated with code-switching in a learning environment. Hence, this study highlights the demand for code-switching as a learning strategy that influences the teaching and learning process.
Teacher Agency: Bridging Gaps in Elementary Curriculum Implementation
This comparative case study investigates the widespread challenge of curriculum implementation gaps in elementary education by examining teacher experiences across three distinct curricular approaches in the Philippines. The research addressed a critical gap in the literature by simultaneously analyzing foundational (Blocks of Time), revised (K-12), and pilot (MATATAG) curricula to identify systemic barriers and effective adaptive strategies. Utilizing in-depth thematic analysis of interviews with three public school teachers (representing Kindergarten, Grade 3, and Grade 4), the study provided a detailed, triangulated perspective across diverse contexts. Principal results consistently revealed a profound systemic misalignment—characterized by content overload, rigid pacing mandates that conflict with pedagogical goals, and widespread resource deficits. In response, the study determined that Teacher Professional Agency functions as an unrecognized operational safeguard, enabling continuity through strategic content prioritization and peer collaboration (Learning Action Cells). The major conclusion is that these implementation failures fundamentally undermine the success of policy. This necessitates an urgent policy shift that formalizes Teacher Agency as a core strategy for effective, localized curriculum delivery, moving beyond treating it as a simple coping mechanism.
Principle-Centered Leadership in Organizations: Pathways to Innovation and Barriers to Implementation
As organizations increasingly rely on innovation, understanding how Principle-Centered Leadership (PCL) fosters Employee Innovative Work Behavior (IWB) is essential. This study addresses this gap by synthesizing research on the key mediators—psychological safety and organizational trust—and the practical implementation challenges. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA framework, analyzing 52 eligible studies. Findings show the PCL-IWB link is rarely direct; it is primarily mediated by psychological safety and organizational trust. The key challenges identified include the difficulty of translating abstract PCL concepts into concrete measurements and the subjective perception of these principles across different corporate cultures. The practical implication is that organizations should invest in leadership development that goes beyond theory. Training must also equip leaders with tangible tools to intentionally build psychological safety and trust deliberately, thereby creating the environment required to unlock employee innovation.
Academic Grit, Interest, and Technological Attitudes as Predictors of Learners' Performance
As learning environments continue to evolve, it is essential to understand the psychosocial and technological factors that influence learners’ academic success. This study examined the predictive roles of academic grit, academic interest, and technological attitudes on learners’ performance in General Mathematics among 104 randomly selected Grade 11 STEM and ABM learners in a public school in Misamis Oriental. Using a descriptive-correlational design and both descriptive and inferential analyses, results revealed that learners demonstrated high levels of academic grit (M = 4.11, SD = 0.46) and positive technological attitudes (M = 3.98, SD = 0.53). In contrast, their academic interest was moderate (M = 3.42, SD = 0.51). Regression analysis revealed that academic grit (β = 0.247, p = .005) and technological attitude (β = 0.220, p = .020) were significant predictors of learners' mathematics performance, collectively explaining 9.8% of the variance (adjusted R² = 0.098). Conversely, academic interest did not significantly predict performance (p > .05). The findings suggest that perseverance and adaptability to digital tools contribute more strongly to academic achievement than interest alone. Hence, interventions that foster grit and promote purposeful technology integration may enhance learners’ mathematical proficiency and overall academic resilience.
Level of Perception on Learning Retention and Academic Achievement of Elementary Education Students
This study aimed to assess perceptions of learning retention and academic achievement among Elementary Education students at Davao del Sur State College. A descriptive research design was employed, involving 86 respondents. Pearson's r was used to determine the relationship between learning retention and academic achievement. Findings revealed that students demonstrated high learning retention, suggesting they are likely able to achieve mastery through their own learning strategies. Their academic achievement was also found to be very satisfactory, indicating consistent engagement with their studies. However, the results further showed that there is no significant relationship between learning retention and academic achievement among the respondents.
The Reading Attitudes of Grade 12 Students Along Multiple Dimensions
Reading attitudes play a key role in literacy development, yet little is known about how senior high school students view different reading purposes and media. This study investigated the attitudes of Grade 12 public school students toward both academic and recreational reading, utilizing print and digital texts. Specifically, it compared their attitudes across four types of reading: academic print (AP), academic digital (AD), recreational print (RP), and recreational digital (RD). A total of 85 students answered the Survey of Adolescent Reading Attitudes (SARA), and their subscale scores were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and independent sample t-tests to determine significant differences between paired categories (AP vs. AD, RP vs. RD, AP vs. RP, AD vs. RD). Results showed that students generally had positive attitudes toward all four types of reading, with the least positive attitude observed in academic print reading. Significant differences were found in several comparisons, particularly between AP and AD, AP and RP, and AD and RD. Although the participants experienced online distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, the findings remain relevant for both online and face-to-face settings. These results suggest that schools should monitor and support students’ reading attitudes to sustain and improve their engagement across different reading contexts.
Effects of Squash (Cucurbita maxima) Meal on Growth and Performance in Broiler Chicken Diets
This study examines the potential benefits of incorporating squash (Cucurbita maxima) meal into broiler chicken diets to enhance growth performance and feed conversion efficiency. Using a randomized complete block design, the research evaluated four different treatments: a control diet with 100% formulated feed, and three experimental diets with 5%, 10%, and 15% squash meal (SM) inclusion. Over a 20-day feeding period, various metrics were assessed, including initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion efficiency (FCE). The findings revealed that higher levels of squash meal supplementation, particularly at 15% inclusion, significantly increased final weight, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency. Notably, feed consumption remained consistent across all treatments. The research highlights the promising potential of squash meal, especially at a 15% inclusion rate, as an effective dietary supplement for promoting broiler growth. However, further studies are needed to explore the optimal balance between growth enhancement and feed consumption.
The Effectiveness of Educational Development in the New Normal in Selected Schools in Marawi City, Philippines
The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly reshaped education, compelling schools in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, to transition to remote learning under the "new normal." While the challenges of remote learning are globally recognized, a localized, in-depth analysis of its specific impact on student academic performance and instructional barriers within Marawi City remained a key knowledge gap. This study assessed the pandemic’s effects on educational development, focusing on educators’ profiles, students’ academic performance, challenges, and instructional adaptations. Using a quantitative-descriptive design with survey data from public and private teachers, the results showed that most respondents were female, aged 26–35, with 1–5 years of service. Moderate improvement in students’ performance was noted, attributed to multimedia and interactive approaches. However, limited internet access, lack of in-person interaction, and reduced motivation were significant barriers. The study emphasizes the need for flexible, innovative strategies in technological support, teacher training, and stakeholder engagement to sustain quality education amid crises.
Lived Experiences of Master’s Students Using ChatGPT: A Phenomenological Study
The increasing use of ChatGPT in education has prompted inquiries into its impact on learning, yet limited research has examined in depth students' experiences with this tool. This phenomenological study examined the academic integrity, critical thinking, and emotional challenges encountered by master’s students in using ChatGPT for educational purposes. Ten master’s students, selected through purposive sampling, participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were gathered through recorded and transcribed interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. To ensure credibility and reliability, member checking and an audit trail were employed. Findings revealed four major themes: convenience and accessibility, where students valued ChatGPT’s ability to simplify complex concepts; concerns of over-reliance, as students feared dependency might reduce independent thinking; integrity in usage, as participants emphasized balancing AI support with academic honesty; and challenges to creativity and critical thinking, where doubts arose regarding originality and depth of reasoning. These results suggest that while ChatGPT enhances efficiency and accessibility, it also presents risks that may affect intellectual independence and authenticity. The study implies the importance of developing institutional guidelines on responsible AI use, integrating digital literacy and AI ethics into curricula, and encouraging critical engagement with AI-generated content. By addressing these concerns, higher education can maximize the educational benefits of ChatGPT while safeguarding academic integrity and fostering deeper learning.